Chemically deposited thin films have multiple applications. However, as a result of their complex structure, their physical properties are very difficult to predict. In this paper, we use an effective medium approach to ...

A spray pyrolytic system was used to obtain ZnO:X films doped with different elements, X = Al, In, Cu, Fe and Sn. A 0.1 M solution of zinc acetate in a mixture of ethanol and deionised water, in a volume proportion of 3:1, ...